Gender Conflict in ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’ Essay

It is evident that in A Midsummer Nights Dream gender conflict is not the only source of comic disorder in the exposition of the play. This can be seen due to the number of other events and scenes which are sources of comic disorder such as character relationships, stereotypes & status and authoritative conflicts. An element of comic disorder in the exposition of A Midsummer Night’s Dream is the idea of men having a higher status than women. The theme of men having control over women is also reinforced in the relationship between Hippolyta and Theseus. Theseus states that he has â€Å"wooed thee with my sword, and won thy love doing thee injuries† whether this is taken in a sexual context or a violent one, it highlights the idea of men having the power and force to overpower and subdue women. The fact that Hippolyta is the queen of the Amazons shows just how strong this idea is, as she would have been a powerful and strong warrior herself. The theme of the old having po wer over the young is explored with the idea that Hermias father has complete power over her as she is just a young woman. The fact that only old men hold the high, authoritative positions in Athens again reinforces this idea that the old and the male rule the people. However this is humorous to an Elizabethan audience as the English Monarch at the time was in fact Queen Elizabeth. Famed for her ferociousness and female power, this is greatly juxtaposed with the treatment of the women in A Midsummer Nights Dream. Particularly because Queen Elizabeth was actually a fairly young monarch. The quote â€Å"as she is mine I may dispose of her† directly reinforces the idea that woman are simply the possessions of men whether they be their daughters or their wives. Another representation of these themes is the conflict between Oberon and Titania. Titania is being again the disobedient woman who will not do as her powerful husband wishes. Oberon states in act 2 scene 1 â€Å"Tarry, rash wanton. Am not I thy lord?† which enforces the idea that Titania should be obeying Oberon, not being sarcastic and brazen. She replies to oberon â€Å"Then I must be thy lady. But I know, when thou hast stolen away from Fairyland, and in the shape of Corin sat all day, laying on pipes of corn and versing love to amorous Phillida.† in an accusational tone accusing him of being unfaithful to her. As a woman, Titania is exerting power and makes herself almost Oberon’s equal in their back and forth bickering, however this displeases Oberon as she should be submissive and passive towards his behaviours. So, Oberon decides to  humiliate Titania in order to achieve what he wants, which in this case, is the indian boy. However, Oberon does not have a claim to the boy has he was rightfully given to Titania to look after, due to his mother’s death. The fact that Oberon must humiliate Titania into getting what he wants demonstrates how much of a strong character Titania is and creates a great parallel of whom has the power in the ‘magical’ relationship. This humiliation technique is comic to an Elizabethan man as this meek representation of women would have appealed to the sexist humour and values of the era. We see this conflict with Hermia and her father Egeus when Egeus is taking her to see Theseus the ruler of Athens because of her refusal to marry Demetrius. Egeus has arranged for her to marry Demetrius, a common practice in Ancient Greece and the ancient world. An Elizabethan audience, especially women, would be able to relate to this as arranged marriages would still take place for money and status. A source of comic disorder in the exposition of A Midsummer Nights Dream is the character relationships. Lysanders attempts in the woods to sleep with Hermia are very humorous to the audience as they see the problems with lust and pride of virginity in young love. The quote â€Å"One turf shall serve as pillow for us both; one heart, one bed, two bosoms and one troth† shows that although Lysander may be riddling prettily he is implying he wants to be able to hold or be close to Hermias breasts. The repition of the word ‘one’ shows Lysanders desires to become ‘one’ with Hermia, which is a reference to sex. However it also could be that Lysander desires to spiritually be ‘one’ with helana, not just physically but mentally. This could be linked with the way the forest brings out the characters spirituality. In Northrop Fryes â€Å"the green world† he discusses how the main characters escape the order of a city for a forested and wild setting adjacent to the city. This natural environment is often described as a green world. It is in this more loosely structured, fantastic environment that issues surround social order, romantic relationships, and inter-generational strife, which are a prominent part of the â€Å"city world†, become resolved, facilitating a return to the normal order. In correspondence with this, recent literary critics drawn to ecocriticism have occasionally found the concept valuable to their work as well. Lysander’s advances cause comic disorder as they explore the idea of  letting the characters sexuality free in the forest. This is funny to a male and female Elizabethan audience as Lysanders attempts to sleep with Hermia are quickly shunned by a prim Hermia who quickly guesses his hidden meanings. Another couple to cause comic disorder in the exposition are Helena and Demetrius, due to Helenas utter lust and doting for Demetrius. This shows gender role reversal as Helena should be a lady who is wooed and pursued. An example of this being â€Å"We cannot fight for love as men may do. We should be wooed and were not made to woo.† Helena admits that she is consciously gender role reversing, however she will continue to do so until Deemetrius loves her. This is comic as it shows how her attempts to seduce Demetrius fail time and time again and she uses very comic language to express her desperation for Demetrius to return her feelings. For expmale â€Å"I am your spaniel; and, Demetrius, The more you beat me the more I will fawn on you†. This unbelievably derogatory analysis of Helena by herself is sad yet comic as she is supposed to be a lady who is reserved and does not make her feelings known, never mind in such a dramatic and desperate fashion. This humour in the exposition sets up the themes of gender role reversal and sexuality in A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Puck is obviously a main source of comic disorder in ‘A Midsummer Nights Dream’ for example his disastrous mix up of Lysander and Demetrius. Though A Midsummer Night’s Dream divides its action between several groups of characters, Puck is the closest thing the play has to a protagonist. His mischievous spirit pervades the atmosphere, and his actions are responsible for many of the complications that develop the main plots in a chaotic way. Puck sees himself as a naughty â€Å"master† that plays with mortal people as if they were puppets. He takes advantage of one of humankind’s weakness, love. For Puck, love is either a nuisance (played more evil than good) or just a comical disaster that humans and other beings stupid enough to fall into it, to entertain him. The audience can see this when he says â€Å"Up and down, up and down; I will lead them up and down: I am fear’d in field and town; Goblin, lead them up and down.† This quotation highlights how mischievous he is and how he tortures humans in their love affairs by causing chaos and malfunction. Puck’s transformations also cause mass comic disorder in ‘’a midsummer night’s dream’’, he famously transforms Bottom’s head into that of  a donkey, and he’s also fond of shape-shifting himself. At one point, he brags that he often pretends to be a stool and then disappears so that old ladies will land on their â€Å"bums†. He also terrorizes the Mechanicals in the woods after turning their friend into a human-donkey (bottom). One could say that Puck parallels Philostrate’s position as Theseus’s â€Å"master of revels.† (In Elizabethan England, the Master of the Revels was a male who was in charge of all the entertainment at court organizing entertainment and parties for the king and court. Philostrate’s job is to make sure Theseus and his court is entertained. Puck’s main job, much alike Philsostrate, is to entertain his king and his fairy comrades with farce and comedy. Puck often in the play takes on the role of the court jester. As Puck says, his duty is to â€Å"jest to Oberon and make him smile† and he does this with the humiliation of Titania, causing her to fall in love with bottom, and by accidently causing hilarious chaos within Lysander, Hermia, Helena and Demetrius’ love lives. Puck either intends to, or ends up causing chaos which is always motivated by love. Therefore Shakespeare uses to him to personify the trials and tribulations that true love brings, whether it be jealousy, controlling natures or disobedience. However it is true that Gender Conflict is a main part of comic disorder in the exposition of A Midsummer Nights Dream. The conflicts between Egeus and Hermia, Oberon and Titania, Helena and Demetrius, Theseus and Hermia & Lysander and Hermia are all to do with issues between men and woman. These issues mainly being sexuality, power and rights. However it is not the only source of comic disorder in the exposition, due to the fact the exposition contains the other themes of comic disorder. Gender conflict is based on the cultural beliefs various societies have established concerning the roles men and women play in those societies. Much of the conflict centres on stereotypes and whether the different genders conform to those stereotypes, so theref ore in A Midsummer Nights Dreams, gender conflict is definitely something that appears a lot in the exposition. Particularly with the disobedience of Hermia and the gender role reversal of Helena with her behaviour towards Demetrius. However, it is evident that Gender Conflict is not the only source of comic disorder in the exposition of A Midsummer Nights Dream.

The Twilight Saga 2: New Moon PREFACE

Summary When the Cullens, including her beloved Edward, leave Forks rather than risk revealing that they are vampires, it is almost too much for eighteen-year-old Bella to bear, but she finds solace in her friend Jacob until he is drawn into a cult and changes in terrible ways For my dad, Stephen Morgan No one has ever been given more loving and unconditional support than I have been given by you. I love you, too. These violent delights have violent ends And in their triumph die, like fire and powder, Which, as they kiss, consume. Romeo and Juliet, Act II, Scene VI PREFACE I FELT LIKE I WAS TRAPPED IN ONE OF THOSE TERRIFYING nightmares, the one where you have to run, run till your lungs burst, but you can't make your body move fast enough. My legs seemed to move slower and slower as I fought my way through the callous crowd, but the hands on the huge clock tower didn't slow. With relentless, uncaring force, they turned inexorably toward the endthe end of everything. But this was no dream, and, unlike the nightmare, I wasn't running for my life; I was racing to save something infinitely more precious. My own life meant little to me today. Alice had said there was a good chance we would both die here. Perhaps the outcome would be different if she weren't trapped by the brilliant sunlight; only I was free to run across this bright, crowded square. And I couldn't run fast enough. So it didn't matter to me that we were surrounded by our extraordinarily dangerous enemies. As the clock began to toll out the hour, vibrating under the soles of my sluggish feet, I knew I was too lateand I was glad something bloodthirsty waited in the wings. For in failing at this, I forfeited any desire to live. The clock tolled again, and the sun beat down from the exact center point of the sky.

Alcohol Abuse

Alcohol Abuse Essay Alcohol Abuse Essay Alcohol is liquid distilled product of fermented fruits, grains and vegetables used as solvent, antiseptic and sedative moderate potential for abuse. Possible effects are intoxication, sensory alteration, and/or anxiety reduction. Symptoms of overdose staggering, odour of alcohol on breath, loss of coordination, slurred speech, dilated pupils, fetal alcohol syndrome (in babies), and/or nerve and liver damage. Withdrawal Syndrome is first sweating, tremors, then altered perception, followed by psychosis, fear, and finally auditory hallucinations. Indications of possible mis-use are confusion, disorientation, loss of motor nerve control, convulsions, shock, shallow respiration, involuntary defecation, drowsiness, respiratory depression and possible death. Alcohol is also known as: Booze, Juice, Brew, Vino, Sauce. You probably know why alcohol is abused some reasons are relaxation, sociability, and cheap high. But did you know that alcohol is a depressant that decreases the responses of the central nervous system. Excessive drinking can cause liver damage and psychotic behaviour. As little as two beers or drinks can impair coordination and thinking. Alcohol is often used by substance abusers to enhance the effects of other drugs. Alcohol continues to be the most frequently abused substance among young adults. HERE ARE SOME STRAIGHT FACTS ABOUT ALCOHOL.? Alcohol abuse is a pattern of problem drinking that results in health consequences, social, problems, or both. However, alcohol dependence, or alcoholism, refers to a disease that is characterized by abnormal alcohol-seeking behaviour that leads to impaired control over drinking. Short-term effects of alcohol use include: -Distorted vision, hearing, and coordination -Altered perceptions and emotions -Impaired judgment -Bad breath; hangovers Long-term effects of heavy alcohol use include: -Loss of appetite -Vitamin deficiencies -Stomach ailments -Skin problems -Sexual impotence -Liver damage -Heart and central nervous system damage -Memory loss Here are some quick clues to know if I, or someone close, has a drinking problem: -Inability to control drinkingit seems that regardless of what you decide beforehand, you frequently wind up drunk -Using alcohol to escape problems -A change in personalityturning from Dr. Jekyll to Mr. Hyde -A high tolerance leveldrinking just about everybody under the table -Blackoutssometimes not remembering what happened while drinking -Problems at work or in school as a result of drinking -Concern shown by family and friends about drinking If you have a drinking problem, or if you suspect you have a drinking problem, there are many others out there like you, and there is help available. You could talk to school counsellor, a friend, or a parent. Excessive alcohol consumption causes more than 100,000 deaths annually in the United States, and although the number shows little sign of declining, the rate per 100,000 population has trended down since the early 1980s. Accidents, mostly due to drunken driving, accounted for 24 percent of these deaths in 1992. Alcohol-related homicide and suicide accounted for 11 and 8 percent respectively. Certain types of cancer that are partly attributable to alcohol, such as those of the esophageus, larynx, and oral cavity, contributed another 17 percent. About 9 percent is due to alcohol-related stroke. One of the most important contributors to alcohol-related deaths is a group of 12 ailments wholly caused by alcohol, among which alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver and alcohol dependence syndrome are the most important. These 12 ailments together accounted for 18 percent of the total alcohol-related deaths in 1992. Mortality due to the 12 causes rises steeply into late middle age range and then declines markedly, with those 85 and over being at less than one-sixth the risk of 55 to 64-year olds. The most reliable data are for the 12 conditions wholly attributable to alcohol. The map shows these data for all people 35 and over. READ: Review Of On-Line Publications Essay PaperThe geographical distribution for men and women follows much the same pattern, although men are three times as likely to die of one of the 12 alcohol-induced ailments. The geographical distribution for whites and blacks follows roughly the same pattern but the rates for blacks are two and half times higher. In the late nineteenth century blacks, who were then far more abstemious than whites, were strong supporters of the temperance movement, but the movement in the South was taken over by whites bent on disenfranchising black people by any means possible, such .

Management - Performance Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management - Performance Management - Essay Example Clearly, performance management is important to organizational goals because it assesses the overall performance of the organization. Planning performance is an important organizational activity because it ties together different organizational factors, such as HR processes, strategy, and capability. In task 2, it has been explained why a well designed performance management system should monitor and review performance. After it, the difficulties in appraising individual performance have been addressed. What is Performance Management? Performance management can be defined as the process by which line managers influence organizational roles and functions in order to ensure that actual outcomes match strategic aims and expectations. Traditionally, organizations implemented the framework of performance appraisals which had a number of problems. The system of performance management aims to eliminate these problems by being a dynamic system. The performance appraisal system is a static on e and therefore cannot be used in the rapidly changing present-day business environment. Performance management is a dynamic process which integrates individual performance objectives or standards of staff with operational plans. Performance management is a framework for aligning human resource management to organizational goals. ... As a result, the management is able to take into account the contextual factors of business strategy, workplace technology, and employee involvement. Because these factors are taken into account, organizational goals are more strategically aligned. This indicates the importance of performance management to organizational goals. The process of goal-setting is a key component of performance management. It guides the interactions between managers and employees in clarifying mutual duties and responsibilities. Therefore, it ensures that they are aligned to the overall performance of the organization. Organizational goals are related to the overall performance of the organization. If they are not aligned to the strategic focus of the organization, the result will be poor organizational performance (Mintzberg, 1987). Performance management ensures this strategic alignment. The three contextual factors have been mentioned. They are all essential components of organizational goals and they a re taken into account by performance management. For example, business strategy defines the goals and objectives which give the organization its competitive advantage. Therefore, business strategy should be included in goal-setting. This can be achieved through performance management. Performance management also facilitates employment involvement. Unless employees are involved in determining organizational goals, they will not be motivated to perform at the highest possible level. In that case, organizational goals may not be effective. Therefore, by facilitating employee involvement, performance management aligns employee goals with organizational goals. As a result, the competitiveness and overall success

Literature review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Literature review - Essay Example The model is basically represented in a mathematical equation which is equated with the â€Å"expected rate of return on a stock to risk free rate plus a risk premium for the stock’s systematic risk† (Keown, 1998, p.242). Risk premium for a particular security is basically defined as the required return after deducting the risk free rate existing in the market. Total risk which is calculated as a standard deviation of return is generally fragmented into two parts. They are unsystematic and risk systematic risk, Beta () (Strong, 2008, p.168). The investors are rewarded bearing through this risk only and is very crucial. The equation for CAPM can be given as follows: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (1) The above equation is a CAPM equation and it is also known as the security market line. In this equation, is the expected return, is the risk free return, is the required return for a particular market portfolio. , measure the systematic risk (Keown, 1998, p.242). 1.2 Application T he model provides a logical approach for analyzing the return that an investor should receive from an investment. More interestingly, the model is applied in a wide spectrum in the field of modern finance for the purpose of estimating the cost of equity and the performance of a company. Evaluating performance of companies in a particular industrial area is of great importance as it reflects the economic functioning of the area and further decides the strength of investor’s attraction in that particular area (Armitage, 2005, p.278). 2. Research Aims and Objectives The rationale thus created is that the CAPM model helps to calculate expected return of an investor and evaluate the performance of the companies. The concentration in this paper will be on the later trajectory i.e. performance of the companies. The aim of the paper is to find proper application of CAPM model in a real world scenario. The objective of the paper is centered on finding out the intensity of the companie s creating value for their shareholders with data on ten US companies listed in the New York Stock Exchange. 4. Research questions The research questions that will be discussed in this paper are discussed below: 1. What is the importance of CAPM model in corporate finance? 2. What are the fields where the model is applicable and what important results it yield? 3. What decision criterion the model generates that drives the financial managers to take important business decisions? 3. Research hypothesis The research hypothesis that will be tested in this paper can be represented in a tabular format as given below: H0: The companies selected are not performing strongly to create value for the shareholders H1: The companies selected are performing strongly to create value for the shareholders H0 is the null hypothesis which will be tested against the alternative hypothesis H1. The data and testing procedure will be explained in a detailed manner in the methodology section. Now, the subs equent section will focus on a brief literature review on this particular financial model i.e. CAPM. 4. Literature Review Rigorous testing has been employed with CAPM model in the last three decades. Studies of Jensen and Scholes in 1972, Blume and Friend in 1973, Reinganum in 1981, Banz in 1981 founded that there exist a positive correlation between the realized return and as well as that between risk and return is a linear function. Through the

The Greatness of Sharia Laws in Comparison to Others Essay

The Greatness of Sharia Laws in Comparison to Others - Essay Example In this sense, the word is closely associated with fi?h which signifies academic discussion of divine law.† The moral concept of Sharia laws is based on the premise that the rights of God’s creation cannot be violated. Human rights, if violated, must be compensated by laws. The greatness of Sharia lies in the fact that it is based on a well-defined concept of human rights. Violation of the rights of God (Haq-al-Allah) may be forgiven. But violation of human right cannot be forgiven until it is forgiven by the one whose rights have been violated. There is another greatness of this law that everyone, either rich or poor, is subjected to this law equally, as the Quran says, â€Å"You who believe! stand out firmly for justice, as witnesses to Allah, even as against yourselves, or your parents, or your kin, and whether it be (against) rich or poor† (An-Nisa, verse 135). This moral basis of Sharia evolves from the view that everyone is equal in the eye of God. Sharia de als almost all aspects such as religiosity, sexuality, diet, prayer, hygiene, crime, economics, politics and innumerous others, of a man’s, particularly a Muslim’s, personal and communal life. ... But man-made laws cannot do this. When the legal system of a western country sentences a murderer to death, such legal system does not advocate for any code of manner which can keep a man away from crimes like murder. Again Sharia is free of many contradictions that other man-made laws hold in their hearts. One of such contradiction is: when the European countries do not permit death penalty, death penalty is permissible in the United States. Again there are a number of countries that assign their presidents with the power to indemnify a criminal who has already been convicted in the court. When the sole intention of law is to protect people’s right, such presidential power, in the very first place, can easily violates human rights. Also this dual application of law appears to be not only self-contradictory but also discriminative. Sharia does not permit such discrimination in the application of law. Prophet Muhammad’s rule, in the Islamic State of Medina, was free of s uch discrimination. Once, a woman, a close relative of Muhammad, was convicted of the guilt of theft and she was punished according to Sharia. Referring to indiscriminative approach of Sharia, the prophet says, â€Å"The people before you were destroyed because they used to inflict the legal punishments on the poor and forgive the rich. By Him in Whose Hand my soul is! If Fatima (the daughter of the Prophet) did that (i.e. stole), I would cut off her hand.† (Bukhari Vol 8, Book 81, Number 778) Again Caliph Omar, a prominent ruler of Arab during the early 8th century, himself punished his son Abu Sammah to death for accosting –probably raping- a Jewish woman. (Kadri, 2011:89) The difference between Sharia and other laws is that when other laws offer only punishment, Sharia provides

Critique of Association between Clinical Manifestations of Complicated Assignment

Critique of Association between Clinical Manifestations of Complicated and Uncomplicated Peptic Ulcer and Visceral Sensory Dysfunction Article - Assignment Example The article was definitely useful in furthering research on complicated peptic ulcers in terms of identifying other significant manifestations, especially in cases where visceral sensation and early symptoms are not evident. Since the age factor has been critically identified as an important contributory factor that diminished visceral sensation, medical practitioners who suspect patients suffering from BUP must be vigilant in addressing the illness through more effective medical interventions. The conclusion of the authors that â€Å"identification, elimination, and management of risk factors are essential for reducing the incidence of BPU† is appropriate and concisely accurate. Other research studies on the subject particularly the article written by Dr. Sidney Cohen indicated that â€Å"the typical ulcer tends to heal and recur. Thus, pain may occur for days or weeks and then wane or disappear. Symptoms can vary with the location of the ulcer and the person's age. For example, children and older people may not have the usual symptoms or may have no symptoms at all. In these instances, ulcers are discovered only when complications develop† (Cohen, 2006, 1). As indicated, older people have greater tendencies not to manifest any significant symptoms to immediately address the illness. However, due to the age factor per se, regular and frequent monitoring of the stomach should be part of medical check-ups even when patients do not complain of discomfort or pain.

Conducting a Literature Review; Data Collection Case Study

Conducting a Literature Review; Data Collection - Case Study Example There were almost an equal number of male and female participants who were aged 19 years old and above. The participants were mostly Non-Hispanic Caucasians and only a small number were ethnic minorities such as African-Americans, and Hispanic, among others. They were of varying educational levels. The research employed convenience sampling, gathering related sample by utilizing the patients of Kaiser Permanente Northern California Region. They were all provided a health survey questionnaire which gathered information about their demographic profiles and other behavioral and clinical data. The demographic data served as the study’s independent variables while self-reported frequency of SBMG served as the dependent variable. The independent variables were mostly nominal and ordinal in nature while the dependent variable used the scale level of measurement. These information were then analyzed using descriptive statistics such as percentages and means + SD, and the associated P values. In addition, chi-square statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis test, and multivariate logistical regression analysis were likewise used. The results of the study indicate that although most patients reported some level of SMBG monitoring, 60% of those with type 1 diabetes and 67% of those with type 2 diabetes reported practicing SMBG less frequently than recommended by the American Diabetes Association (three to four times daily for type 1 diabetes, and once daily for type 2 diabetes treated pharmacologically). Significant independent predictors of nonadherent practice of SMBG included longer time since diagnosis, less intensive therapy, male sex, age, belonging to an ethnic minority, having a lower education and neighborhood income, difficulty communicating in English, higher out-of-pocket costs for glucometer strips (especially for subjects with lower incomes), smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption. This led the researchers to conclude that

The Business Environment of the Modern Day Society Research Paper

The Business Environment of the Modern Day Society - Research Paper Example Because of this transformation of the world, information from various corners of the world can be easily accessed by individuals and organizations without facing the problems of existence of a geographical barrier. The availability of various kinds of free data and other information content has automatically contributed in the rapid dispersion of various kinds of global trends. The fast maturity of markets around the world with response to the global trends resulted in creating unique demands from the consumers located in the developed as well as the developing markets. Business organization and companies in order to attain future growth in their areas of businesses increasingly try to focus on fulfilling the demand arising in the new as well as established markets located all over the world. However, before entering into a new market or trying to fulfil an existing or emerging demand in an already existent market, firms and organization often conduct external as well as internal env ironment analysis. While the internal analysis of the firms’ environment brings into focus the various advantages and disadvantages that are existent within the possibility of control of the firm, the external analysis outlines the positive and negative points that are beyond the controlling ability of the firm. Talking in a little detailed manner about the analysis of the external environment, it has to be said that the PEST analysis plays a very critical role. The PEST analysis comprises of evaluation of the external environment from the perspectives of political, economic, social and technological factors. It is important to mention that the PEST analysis is a highly effective tool for organizations that are looking forward to identify and control the weaker sides of the business environment so as to generate significant amount of potential leverage for their own product or service offerings (Henry 2). Talking more on the same note, it has to be said that by using the PEST analysis, the organizations look forward to capitalizing on their core competencies while addressing significant anomalies that might alter the balance existing in a competitive environment of business. It is relevant to mention the fact that when firms and organizations look forward to implementing a PEST analysis for analyzing and studying the current business environment, focus has to be given on a particular region on the basis of the firms’ product or service offerings. Also, an effective study of the business environment by the firm while using the PEST analysis will help the organization or firm to identify potential areas of business opportunity and threats (Ward and Daniel 28). Talking in a little elaborate manner about the factors that comprise of the PEST analysis, a brief description about each of the four factors has to be provided. While discussing the political factors, issues comprising of consumer protection law, contract and property rights, exchange rate p olicies, healthcare policies, political stability and trade regulations has to be taken into consideration. The economic factor will cover the analysis on the lines of availability and cost of workforce maintenance, growth factors of the economy, economic growth rate, rates of unemployment and inflation, stability of the exchange rate of the currency as well as existence and nature of the free market. While talking about the social factor of the PEST analysis, importance has to be given to issues like demographic factors, education, spirit of entrepreneurship as well as factor of wealth distribution. Finally while discussing about issues related to

Search and Seizure 4th Ammendment Research Paper

Search and Seizure 4th Ammendment - Research Paper Example The officer must swear, under oath, by it. The amendment has been shaped by various cases along the way, examples being Mapp vs. Ohio in 1961, Katz vs. the United States in 1967, and United States vs. Jones in 2012. 1. Introduction Amendment IV of the bill of rights states, â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, homes, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by affirmation or oath, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the things or persons being searched† (Asimow and Mader, 2004). Amendment IV has three sections; the first affords protection for the home, belongings, and the person of the individual. The second acts to prohibit seizures and searches, which are unreasonable, while the third insists based on a warrant, which means they must describe specifically what is to be seized, grounded by probability cause. The amendmen t is especially of importance given recent occurrences that have to do with invasion of the privacy of Arab Americans after 9/11. This paper will deal with the 4th amendment’s history, applicability, the rules for exclusion, exceptions made to the requirement of a warrant, and finally compile a number of important cases. 2. Adoption of Amendment IV Amendment IV, just like numerous other laws in the United States, has roots in the legal doctrine of England. Therefore, it is important to study its origin in both England and the United States. 2.1 History in the law of England In 1604, Sir Edward Coke ruled that everyone house was their fortress and castle, on top of being a defence against violence and injury, in the Semayne’s case. This case led to the acknowledgement that the monarchy did not possess unchallenged ability for the intrusion of its subject’s dwellings. The ruling, however, permitted agents of the government to carry out seizures and searches with l awful purpose, and possession of a warrant. Intensity of court cases against officers of the state had grown in bounds by 1760, especially since some of the officers still utilized general warrants (Taslitz, 2006). The case involving John Entick, into whose home Nathan Carrington, a messenger of the king, had entered forcibly in order to arrest his friends for the publishing of seditious papers. In the case, Charles Pratt ruled that the warrant was lacking in probable cause and that it did not specify which documents were to be seized (Taslitz, 2006). This case was a precedent in the limitation of the executive’s power to intrude on property deemed private. 2.2 History in America General Warrants and their use were barred via the enacting of legislation by the Massachusetts colony in 1756. This was brought about by complaints from the public over the 1754 Excise Act, which granted powers to the taxman that enabled the utilization of general warrants for the seizure of uncusto med and prohibited goods (Taslitz, 2006). James Otis, in a court petition, in 1761, denounced these policies, but the court ruled against him. After the election to the colonial legislature of Massachusetts, he pushed through legislation that demanded the granting of writs of assistance by judges, with the officer demanding them to be put under oath. However, the British governor overturned this. The Virginia declaration of rights, however, abolished general warrants

Frankensteins Monster Essay Example for Free

Frankensteins Monster Essay In the beginning of the story, Elizabeth who was adopted daughter of Victor Frankensteins parents falls ill to a deadly illness, which is called scarlet fever. Victor Frankensteins mother nurses Elizabeth, and she finally gets better; however Victor Frankensteins mother contracts the illness with fatal consequences. Victor Frankenstein becomes very upset when his mother dies. This event make Victor Frankenstein very determined to study and become a doctor and preserve life. Victor Frankenstein goes to a university in Ingolstadt to study. He seems to be in two minds about his, departure for Ingolstadt, which had been deferred by these events, because he feels guilty about leaving the house of mourning so soon but he is very eager to study. When Frankenstein begins his study at the university, he becomes interested in bringing people back to life. He becomes so interested that he convinces himself that he could revive a dead human being back to life, one of the phenomena which had peculiarly attracted my attention was the structure of the human frame, and indeed, any animal endued with life. The next part of the story is when Victor Frankenstein creates the creature and he tries to bring him to life by using electricity, I collected the instruments of life around me, might I infuse a spark of being into the lifeless thing . Once the creature gains life, Victor Frankenstein describes the creature as a demon and a wretch. Frankenstein can only see what the creature looks like on the outside and so believes the creature is evil, How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or how delineate the wretch whom with infinite pains and care I had endeavoured to form? Mary Shelley makes the reader feel sympathy for the creature by the way see the way the monster was made this fill us full of horror because the way he was made is completely unnatural I dabbled among the unhallowed damps of the grave or tortured the living animals to animate the lifeless clay This make u feel that the monster was born out of pain and horror. Another way Mary Shelley make feel sympathy for the creature is the way she describes the place the creature was made as no one should be brought in to the world in a place like that In a solitary chamber, or rather cell, at the top of the house, and separated from all the other apartments by a gallery and staircase, I kept my workshop of filthy creations Some readers may gain sympathy towards the monster as Frankenstein refers to the monster as filthy as may mean filthy as physically filthy or mentally filthy. One of the biggest ways that Mary Shelley gains sympathy for the creature is the way she describes him, this tells the reader how ugly he is and it also tells the reader what Frankenstein thinks of him His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles arteries beneath; his hair was of lustrous black, and following; his teeth of a pearly whiteness; but seemed almost the same colour as the dun-white sockets in which they were set, his shrivelled complexion and straight black lips. The description Mary Shelley uses gives the image that the creature is evil although the creatures personality is pleasant. Also this is how Frankenstein sees the creature as Frankenstein should be a farther figure and towards the creature he should help the creature to learn about the world instead he is disgusted by what he has created also and only see what the creature looks like not how the creature is inside and so he believes the creature is evil. One other way is the way that Frankenstein flees his creation The miserable monster whom I had created. He held up the curtains of the bed; and his eyes, if they maybe called, were fixed on me. His jaws opened, and he muttered some inarticulate sounds, while a grin wrinkled his cheeks. He might have spoken, but I did not hear; one hand was stretched out seeming to detain me, but I escaped and rushed down the stairs. I took refuse in the courtyard belonging to the house, which I inhabited. This makes you feel sympathy towards the monster because Frankenstein should be like a father towards the monster and help him through the early stages of his life but instead he abandons him leaves him to survive on his own. Probably the monster feels frightened, and confused, as he is like a newborn baby unaware of anything also not knowing anything. Uneducated, Victor Frankensteins creation is forced to fend for itself, and find food, even he doesnt know how to or what food is.

Greetings in Brazil Essay Example for Free

Greetings in Brazil Essay Like any southern nation, the Brazilians are very opened, warm and friendly people. They enjoy big companies and are always glad to get together, socialize and discuss the latest events in the country’s political life or talk about national Brazilian passion: soccer. At that, any communication, especially informal, is based on very close and literally fraternal relationships. That is why greeting in Brazil is never limited to saying â€Å"Hello† or â€Å"Good Morning† and always goes far â€Å".. beyond looking and listening, (Flitter, 2007). In an informal environment, men greet each other with a handshake, a strong hug and sometimes a check-kiss. Women always greet each other with a peck-cheek and a warm hug. When people are introduced to each other for the first time, young men and women always greet each other with a peck on each cheek and an embrace. When meeting a group of people, it is very important to make a physical contact with everybody and give a greeting to every single person in the group. Undoubtedly, this free and friendly style of interpersonal communication has a tremendous influence on Brazilian business culture. Before starting certain business activities, it is absolutely essential to establish friendly relationships with your Brazilian partners. In such circumstances, a simple handshake as a greeting is considered to be too formal and conservative. Men can greet each other with a handshake followed by a friendly embrace or back-clapping, and women can give each other a cheek-kiss. It is also considered to be polite to accompany greetings with special expressions. The most popular terms when greeting Brazilian people can be: â€Å"Como Vai? † (How are you? ) or â€Å"Tudo Bem? † (Is everything all right? ). Good friends can use the word â€Å"Oi† (â€Å"Hi†) for greeting each other. When a person is leaving, it is also necessary to give everyone a handshake, a hug or a back-clap accompanied with such expressions as â€Å"Tchau† (â€Å"Good-bye†) or â€Å"Ate logo† (â€Å"See you†). References Flitter, E. (2007, December 12). Touchy Subject: Doing Business Where Hugs Replace Handshakes. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 17, 2008, from http://online. wsj. com/article/SB119799543096137027. html. Profile of Brazil. (1999, September 15). Limiar. Retrieved February 17, 2008, from the World Wide Web: http://www. limiar. org/brazil/profile. html.

Criminology Essays Public Corruption Police

Criminology Essays Public Corruption Police Public Corruption Police Public Corruption for Profit Police In America In Chapter 6, â€Å"Public Corruption for Profit†, Delattre (2006) addresses some very important aspects of law enforcement and the policing environment that not only make police more vulnerable to corruption but also to public scrutiny. The author begins the chapter with a description of incorruptibility, suggesting that it is an inherent attribute of the individual with good character who would never think of compromising his or her integrity for profit or for personal gain (p. 63). Delattre (2006) points to the clear connection between incorruptibility and the purposeful goal of acting in accordance with standards of excellence (p. 63-64). The public at large expects police officers to possess this attribute of incorruptibility as well as to manifest an observance of the highest standards of excellence, with anything less considered suspect and capable of putting their safety and their safety of their loved ones at risk. Delattre (2006) submits that police officers are unfairly held to not only a fair and higher standard but also to a double standard that often puts them in the difficult position of negative public scrutiny. The author submits that some police officers use this claim as consolation for the greater public scrutiny they receive compared other officials however he also suggest that the double standard can be reconciled as a necessary evil that should not negatively impact police behavior. For Delattre (2006), police officers must be educated on the difference between the imperative of living up to a higher standard than others and illegitimacy of unfair double standards, with an emphasis on the higher standard. Police officers operate in much closer proximity to the members of the communities that they serve than officials like politicians and lawmakers (p. 67). Delattre (2006) submits that this difference is sufficient reason for not only why the public will expect different behavior from police officers by will also respond to the behavior of police officers differently (p. 67). Although the author concedes that police corruption exists at disturbing levels, there are issues that police officers must face on a regular basis that can challenge the character of even the most noble and trustworthy of their ranks. The author suggests, for example, that police officers are vulnerable to the causes of corruption in the same way that many individuals in positions of authority and control are and offers three hypotheses on those causes. To support this contention, Delattre (2006) submits the society-at-large hypothesis, which has often been used to account for police corruption (p. 69). According to this hypothesis, the practice by public servants of receiving gifts or gratuities from all manner of individuals in society leads to larger gratuities or bribes that ultimately work to influence the receiver in the direction of serving the interests of the gift-giver(s). This hypothesis points to the public response to police officers who are regularly disparaged for their real or perceived habit of accepting gratuities from individuals and entities throughout the communities that they serve. Delattre (2006) underscores the influence of this hypothesis by reminding that the free cup of coffee is the symbol of the gratuity for police officers (p. 72). The author submits that the cause of corruption can also be attributed to the structural or affiliation hypothesis, which is somewhat similar to the society-at-large hypothesis, where the propensity for succumbing to corrupt behavior created or intensified by the influence of corrupt peers. In the case of the police officer, that influence will often be manifested on the rookie officer by older or senior officers who are already participating in corrupt activities (Delattre, 2006, p. 72-73). The rotten-apple hypothesis goes even further to identify what Delattre (2006) calls the roots of corruption, where ineffective police recruitment procedures allow one or more unscrupulous hires to enter the department and, in turn, influence others to participate in corrupt behaviors. Although police officers are vulnerable to negative influence, Delattre (2006) also points to the role of departmental supervision in supporting the integrity of the police force and its officers. Delattre (2006) examines three important hypotheses that can be used to explain corruption in general and among police officers specifically the society-at-large hypothesis, the structural or affiliation hypothesis and the rotten apple hypothesis. The society-at-large hypothesis points to the influential role that the public plays on the ethical behavior of police officers, especially when it comes to influencing police officers to serve the interests of specific groups or individuals. This has been identified in the research showing that the dominant culture in a community will often use gratuities to influence police officers to address their interests with regard to minorities in the community, which often translates to the serious ethical dilemma of racial profiling (Clayton, 2003, p. 1). The structural or affiliation hypothesis submitted by Delattre (2006) is supported by the fact that the propensity for growth in the number of corrupt individuals in a group, including a police department, will increase proportionate to the benefits that can be generated by corrupt behavior over law-abiding behavior (Ivkovic, 2005, p. 66). The research suggests that the rotten apple hypothesis is often used to draw attention away from the police department and the insufficiencies that contribute to police corruption. According to Callanan (2005), when the rotten apple hypothesis is used to frame police corruption in a particular institution, it works to avert any criticism of that institution, especially any question of its legitimacy (p. 64). At the same time, there is a significant body of literature arguing that it is just an inherent truth that some police officers are more likely than others to think and act in a corrupt way and that some of their peers will be influenced to corruption by their association (Ivkovic, 2005, p. 64). Delattre (2006) does not neglect to identify the role of departmental supervision in mitigating the propensity or vulnerability of police officers to corrupt behavior. Where the structural or affiliation hypothesis can be interpreted to involve the influence of the corrupt structure or affiliation, it can also be interpreted to involve the supportive departmental structure. The research supports the role of departmental supervision, demonstrating that it is instrumental to increasing police accountability and effective management within the police organization (Archbold, 2004, p. 2). The research shows that the character of the police officer is one of the most significant components of his or her ability to serve and protect with honesty and integrity. In the past, an evaluation of a potential recruit’s character included neighborhood checks, where as many as ten members of the community were questioned about his or her habits and temperament as well as through the distribution of questionnaires to past employers, schools, employers, military or draft and other official agencies (Bouza, 1972, p. 120). The purpose of this comprehensive investigation was to establish that the recruit met the standard of good character necessary for appointment to the police department (Bouza, 1972, p. 120). Delattre (2006) establishes that the appointment of individuals of good character to positions of law enforcement is just as imperative today. In fact, it is fair to suggest that the incidence of police corruption and the increasing dependence on law enforcement as part of national security makes the good character and the embrace of high standards of excellence even more vital. What is especially interesting about Delattre’s (2006) look at public corruption for profit in Chapter 6 is that it is easier to imagine that public officials are more likely to be corrupt than law enforcement officers and more corrupt than police officers specifically. Nevertheless, Delattre’s (2006) intent is to show that police officers are embodied, as much as public officials, within the â€Å"public† that is associated with public corruption. There is little to debate when it comes to the fact that corruption among police officers exists and in substantial numbers however this reality can be obscured by fact that the public expects integrity and trustworthiness as character traits in police officers. In terms of the double standard that Delattre (2006) addressed in this chapter, the preponderance of the research suggests that the phrase is more applicable to the practice of unscrupulous police officers perpetuating a double-standard that entails enforcing laws while breaking them than it is to a double standard that holds polices officers to a higher standard than other public servants (Waddington, 1998, p. 164). It is interesting to note that the research points to the fact that police officers are often found to be in collusion with public officials, which works to blur the distinctions supporting the claim of a double standard even further (Weiss, 2004, p. 227). One of the most compelling aspects of Chapter 6 is Delattre’s (2006) examination of gratuities and their impact on the real and perceived integrity of police officers. Among the reasons that this issue is so compelling is that it spans a variety of aspects in the policing environment, especially those that are most vulnerable to corruption. At the same time, it is one of the topics addressed by Delattre (2006) that has generated the most substantial body of research. The research suggests that some people will inevitably associate gratuities given to police officers with the goal supporting good police-community relations, especially when gratuities are the unequivocal expression of people’s gratitude for police services that are appropriately carried out according to law enforcement protocol (Kania, 2004, p. 54). According to once source that studied the opinions of police officers, gratuities are actually viewed as an entitlement of sorts, where gratuities offered voluntarily or without obligation are given in response to some service that was provided by the police officer (White, 2002, p. 20). More frequently however, the public is likely to look at gratuities as the purposeful attempt to influence police behavior, which is compounded by the fact that the public also expects the evidence of high standards of excellence in police officers. A paradox exists therefore by the fact that, as much as the public expects good character and incorruptibility among police officers, it is the public that is a substantial source of the gratuities directed at police officers. Coleman (2004) argues that this irony, translated as a conflict of interest, is nevertheless difficult to address by police officers (p. 33). Coleman (2004) points to the â€Å"slippery slope† to corruption identified by Delattre (2006), however he is even more emphatic that gratuities, whether a cup of coffee or a monetary bribe, are all corrupt and differ only by the degree of the corruption that is involved or might come out of that gratuity (Coleman, 2004, p. 34). Although it could be argued that there is a huge difference between the acceptance of a cup of coffee and â€Å"a six-figure bribe†, Coleman (2004) argues the opposite, even if that six-figure bribe is used to influence the police officer to look the other way during a robbery, an assault or even a murder (p. 34). Based on arguments like this, the researcher maintains that it is imperative that police officers say â€Å"No† to gratuities. There research however supports the notion that it is acceptable for police officers to accept gratuities. In fact, one source argues that gratuities are essential to supporting the relatively paltry wage paid to many police officers (Ruiz Bono, 2004, p. 50). One of the primary arguments is that gratuities work as building blocks of positive social relationships between police and members of the community (Coleman, 2004, p. 38). Unfortunately, these building blocks are inherently larger and more prolific in areas of the community where gratuities are more easily made, such as more affluent and predominantly white areas. Add to this the fact that a generous gratuity comes with the expectation of â€Å"a better than average service† from the officer in the future, and the prospects for corruption are increased exponentially (p. 38). Delattre (2006) does a sufficient job of demonstrating that police officers face significant challenges when it comes to avoiding the temptations that they will face both within and outside of the police department. The majority of the evidence suggests that police corruption for profit, as an unequivocal example of public corruption for profit, is more of a collective activity than it is an individual one. This assertion is supported by at least two of the causal hypotheses examined by Delattre (2006) and in the research. Gratuities, the most prolific temptation that police officers face in the line of duty, however underscores the fact that it comes down to the character and embrace of a high standard of excellence that make the difference between a police officer who is and will remain incorruptible and the police officer who will ultimately succumb to corruption. References Bouza, A. (1972). The policeman’s character investigation: Lowered standards or changing times? Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology Police Science, 63(1), 120-124. Callana, V. (2005). Feeding the fear of crime. New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC. Clayton, B. (2003). The costs of community: Community policing, racial profiling, and civil society. Conference Papers-American Sociological Association; The 2003 Annual Meeting in Atlanta, GA, 1-21. Coleman, S. (2004). When police should say â€Å"No† to gratuities. Criminal Justice Ethics, 23(1), 33-44. Delattre, E. (2006). Character and cops: Ethics in policing. Washington: AEI Press. Ivkovic, S. (2005). Fallen blue knights: Controlling police corruption. New York: Oxford University Press. Kania, R. R. (2004). The ethical acceptability of gratuities: Still saying yes after all these years. Criminal Justice Ethics, 23(1), 54-60. Ruiz, J. Bono, C. (2004). At what price a freebie? The real cost of police gratuities. Criminal Justice Ethics, 23(1), 44-54. Waddington, P. A. (1998). Policing citizens: Authority and rights. New York: Routledge. Weiss, M. (2004). Public defenders: Pragmatic and political motivations to represent the indigent. New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC. White, M. (2002). The problem with gratuities. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 71(7), 20-23.

Enrich Maria Remarque: A Militant Pacifist :: essays research papers

Enrich Maria Remarque: A Militant Pacifist   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The First World War was a horrible experience for all sides involved, no one was immune to the effects of this global conflict, and each country was changed in many ways. Erich Maria Remarque was drafted into World War I at age 18. In 1929 Remarque’s first book All Quiet on the Western Front was published. Throughout the book, the death and destruction caused by battle is clearly shown. Remarque's novel is a statement against war, focusing dramatically on the extreme effects of war on the humanity of soldiers. Biography   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Erich Paul Remark was born on June 22, 1898 In Western Germany. In 1913 Remark began to attend a teachers college called Osnabruck’s Lehrerseminar. During his third year when he was eighteen he was drafted into the war. After finishing basic training in the war he was assigned to a reserve battalion. His mother became very ill, so he was often allowed to visit her. In June 1917 he was reassigned to a trench unit. Remark was soon injured by grenade splinters and rushed to St. Vincenz hospital in Duisburg during 1917-1918. His mother died while he was in the hospital. After a year in the hospital he returned to Osnabruck for further training. The war had ended before Witt 2 he returned to active duty. After the war he changed his middle name to Maria after his mother.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Remark went back to college after the war. He graduated and started his two-year substitute training in 1919. Finally he got bored teaching, and did different odd jobs such as, playing organ on Sundays at an insane asylum, working for a tombstone firm, working as a small town drama critic, and racing sports cars. In 1920 he published a novel that was so bad he changed the spelling of his last name to Remarque. His book All Quiet on the Western Front was published in 1929 and Remarque â€Å"became a spokesman of a generation that was destroyed by war†-Kirjas. Many people loved the book, and according to New York Times, All Quiet was â€Å"one of the best-known anti-war novels ever, which decepted the horrors of war from the point of view of the ordinary soldiers†. In 1930 the Nazis banned his books and burned them at the famous book burning in 1933; Remarque later stated, â€Å"I was only misunderstood where people went out of their way to misunderst and me†.

Virginia Woolf :: essays research papers

Virginia Woolf, in her novels, set out to portray the self and the limits associated with it. She wanted the reader to understand time and how the characters could be caught within it. She felt that time could be transcended, even if it was momentarily, by one becoming involved with their work, art, a place, or someone else. She felt that her works provided a change from the typical egotistical work of males during her time, she makes it clear that women do not posses this trait. Woolf did not believe that women could influence as men through ego, yet she did feel [and portray] that certain men do hold the characteristics of women, such as respect for others and the ability to understand many experiences. Virginia Woolf made many of her time realize that traditional literature was no longer good enough and valid. She caused many women to become interested in writing, and can be seen as greatly influential in literary history Virginia Woolf recognized that in Post-war England old social hierarchies had broken down, and that literature must rediscover itself in a new and altogether more fluid world; the realist novel must be superseded by one in which objective reality is replaced by the impressions of subjectiv conciousness. A new way of writing appeared, it was the famous "stream of Conciousness": It was developed a method in order to get the character through its conscience's states; the character is understood by the way it moves, talks, eats, looks, and everything it does. Although the term "stream of conciousness" is rightly applied to the work of Virginia Woolf, it was first borrowed in 1918 from William James to describe the novels of Dorothy Richardson. Richardson described her work as an attempt to "produce a feminine equivalent of the current masculine realism". The method was more and more used in English Fiction in the study "A Room of One's Own" (1929), where the existence of a private space, and of a private income, is seen as a prerequisite for the development of a woman writer's creativity.

Essay --

Being born into a Indian family, where the cuisine is exquisite makes staying healthy and fit almost impossible. Almost everything we eat is fried and full of oil and butter. Instead of eating small meals with snacks in between we eat three big meals. Although most of the food is cooked at home it is still full of fat. Indians are known for their amazing food and the reason it tastes so heavenly is because of all the oil and butter in it. Who can resist the temptation of such delicious food? Did you know that obesity is part of the top 10 factors of death? Being obese can cause serious problems and can be dangerous for normal life. Obesity is a common problem nowadays, which occurred because of various factors such as, development of human civilization, transport, media and communication devices. The increase in technology makes people lazier, rarely moving and spending their free time sitting in front of the computer. People are giving up quality for speed, is it worth it? Obesity i s a major issue I deal with almost everyday, I have several family members who are obese. My family members who are obese don’t care that they are obese and they just continue living the wrong type of lifestyle. They argue that obesity is a disease when many just say it’s a lifestyle. Being obese isn’t easy, yet half the people in America chose nothing to do about it. If people do not do anything to get rid of obesity then the cycle will continue to go on and I need to figure out how to get obese people to live a healthier lifestyle and influence these people to break the cycle. This semester I will be researching on whether obesity is a disease or a lifestyle. I also want to research why the sudden rise in obesity, and what can be done to reduce it. ... ...healthy and not exercise. Eating vegetables and working out is not easy but it is something that needs to be done to maintain a healthy life. Growing up I was surrounded by obese people and tried to eat as healthy as I can so that I would not become obese. While my family would be eating dessert I would eat vegetables. Instead of watching T.V with the rest of my family, I would go outside and play. I guess you can say I was born to be health conscious and want the rest of the world to be healthy also. Researching on obesity is going to be very interesting and seeing the differences in people’s opinions on whether it is a disease or a lifestyle is going to be another interesting aspect. Writing about this topic will help me help those who need some kind of motivation to lose weight and live a healthier lifestyle. Obesity is a huge issue that needs special attention.

Marijuana research paper Essay

In today’s society there are a list of many banned drugs which in coincidence are the five most used drugs by most individuals. These drugs are methamphetmine, cocaine heroine, ecstasy and marijuana, out of all five of these drugs one that I believe to be the most scrutinized is marijuana, known also as cannabis. I believe this drug is the most harmless illegal substance in the world, especially when compared to its counterparts. Marijuana not only has the least negative side effects to your body but it is also the only drug that is used in a social, musical, medical and cultural manner. The most popular of all recreational drugs, Cannabis, or Marijuana, Grass, Hemp, Weed, Pot, Hash, Dope or a variety of regional names has been cultivated for thousands of years. Derived in various forms from the Cannabis plants, Cannabis Indica or Cannabis Sativa, is native to central Asia but its cultivation and use is global. It is a Psychoactive and a Psychedelic. It can be smoked as leaves or flower buds, it can be ground down to isolate the crystallized sap and then pressed into a solid, or the resin extracted by collection via contact with the sticky plant parts.(http://listverse.com) This excerpt from listverse.com explains why marijuana use is so commonly used not only in America but across the globe. What makes this drug adorn by many of it users are also the proclaimed â€Å"negative† side effects, constant smoking or overdosing on marijuana results in â€Å"being forgetful, over sleeping, not getting things done, concentration difficulties, neglecting work or duties, loss of balance or dizziness, problems with performing tasks, and nausea (Hammersley, R. and V. Leon, 2006).† These side effects may not be looked too as negative by on the user, especially when compared to its counterparts. An overdose of methamphetamine, cocaine and heroine will almost always lead to â€Å"seizures, coma, and loss of a life† (http://mental-health.emedtv.com) Marijuana is acclaimed by many of its users as the â€Å"ultimate stress reliever† and what better place relieve stress than at college, a place where for four to five days out of the week students are overwhelmed with the stresses that come from the many classes they take. This explains why college is a perfect example of marijuana being used in a social setting where one can obtain the drug in a calm environment with little authority from parents or the police. Through my college experience I have met students who enter college deciding they will never smoke a day in their life, I have also met students who admit they were peer pressured into at least trying the substance and I have met students who have said they tried marijuana out of straight curiosity. In an interview held with a female Old Westbury student, who’s name is preferred not to be mentioned, I asked the student â€Å"how long have you been smoking marijuana?† student replied â€Å"I would consider myself a newcomer to smoking pot, I started this semester.† I then asked â€Å"why did you choose marijuana out of all illegal drugs to use?† she replied â€Å" I honestly choose marijuana because all of my friends were doing it, I saw after smoking many of them would go from uptight to calm and funny, not having a care in the world, I wanted to feel for myself what the â€Å"hype† was and depending on how I reacted to pot would determine if I would continue smoking or not†. My last question before ending the interview was the big one, â€Å"Do you still continue to smoke marijuana†, with a smirk on her face she said â€Å"yes I do, not often like my friends but on Thursday after a long week of homework and classes I smoke one to ease my mind and forget about my tough week, plus it puts me to bed (laughing)†. Marijuana use has and still continues to be a cultivating driving force in the music industry, specifically hip hop. During the 80’s and 90’s many of the great hip hop legends; Dr. Dre, Tupac Shakur and Notorious Biggie Smalls all have been known for there outstanding musical abilities but also for their public habit of smoking or as the street term calls it â€Å"getting high.† Many individuals look at these artist and automatically assume ignorance when in fact when under the influence of marijuana these artist have said some of the most prolific lines in hip hop. Tupac Shakur is quoted saying I believe that everything that you do bad comes back to you. So everything that I do that’s bad, I’m going to suffer from it. But in my mind, I believe what I’m doing is right. So I feel like I’m going to heaven. This quote spoke meant allot to me and I’m sure to many young adults that are just like me who live a life of violence and chaos. Often as teenagers we feel that since we are not living the supposedly â€Å"Godly† way that includes attending church regularly, helping other and praying at night that we ourselves don’t hold a place in heaven, that we are the scums of the earth. Lines such as these mentally help us make it through our days and allow us to understand that they are other people out there who are going or have went through our daily struggles. Hearing words like that from your icon, you can only imagine the relief that boy’s and girl’s feel knowing someone who made it out a bad situation was going through exactly what you were, simple words can really make an outstanding difference to an individual. Marijuana in the music industry is not only used through the rappers who say the lyrics but it is used also by the producer’s who come up with the beat and flow, the core of the song that sometimes allows you to feel the music in a way that no rapper may be able to get across. Famous producers such Pharell and rap mogul Dr. Dre are both Grammy winners who make their music while under the influence, the drug puts them in a calming place were their mind can roam and listen to each instruments and bring them together in harmony, yes this task can be done sober but these two producers have made some of the beast beats in the world, it only goes to show once again marijuana is not as self destruction drug as it rivals cocaine or heroine . Medical Cannabis refers to the use of the drug cannabis as a physician-recommended herbal therapy, most notably as an antiemetic. Cannabis has been used for medicinal purposes for approximately 4,000 years. Writings from ancient India confirm that its psychoactive properties were recognized, and doctors used it for a variety of illnesses and ailments. These included a whole host of gastrointestinal disorders, insomnia,  headaches and as a pain reliever frequently used in childbirth.In the 1970s, a synthetic version of THC, the primary active ingredient in cannabis, was synthesized to make the drug Marinol. (Why Is Smoking Cigarettes Bad For You? | LIVESTRONG.COM) Marijuana is yet again used as a beneficial part of our society but instead of the individual users who use it for leisure or to have fun, marijuana is used for the sick and impaired. Known by its correct term as medical marijuana, the drug is used to relieve muscle spams, chronic pain,glaucoma, weight loss(in smoking marijuana one of the few side effect is called â€Å"the munches† during this time the user will crave to want food. People who don’t often eat will more than likely have a good portion plate of food or a snack) Aids and Cancer. Having a grandmother who was prescribed marijuana for her excessive swollen feet conditon I personally saw the positive effects the drug had her. Marijuana allowed my grandmother to relax and focus less attention on her feet, being under the influence put my grandmother in a happy place where her pain no longer bothered her as much as it would if she was sober. What she always enjoyed about marijuana was that she could smoke it, coming from the Caribbean’s smoking marijuana was a normal thing, something she had grown accustomed too. She much rather smoke instead of swallowing pills, being old fashioned she thought the side effects of pills would be detrimental to her health. Smoking marijuana has had an impact on the lives of those who suffer from depression and low self esteem. Joan Bello, author of The Benefits of Marijuana: Physical, Psychological & Spiritual, is quoted saying; Marijuana will not tolerate repression. Tranquilizers and depressants relax the body and release tension, but the state of mind associated with these drugs is â€Å"unconsciousness† whereby we escape rather than resolve our dilemmas. Alcoholism is an extreme need of both the body and personality sometimes to release the nervousness that has accumulated and continues to build up to an unbearable degree. It serves the same function for the collective personality for the society, as well A culture in which alcohol and tranquilizers are the prevalent form of release prefers not to witness  internal confusion and actually choose to act without conscious participation, maintaining a semi-numb condition. Mr. Bello not only speaks about the positive of marijuana use but he also speaks on how smoking puts you at a better state than one of its many counterparts alcohol, who when under the influence liquor individuals tend to act angry or in rage, marijuana users are always put in a calm statement, which is reason to why after smoking one side effect the user may feel is tiredness. Marijuana usage has not been secluded too only America, it has made a huge cultural impact on the tropical island community, specifically Jamaica. Jamaicans have a subset group of people on the island that participate in a religion known as Rastafri, as Catholics partake in the Eucharist and Muslims participate in Ramadan, the Rastafarian lifestyle usually includes ritual use of marijuana, avoidance of alcohol, the wearing of one’s hair in dreadlocks, and vegetarianism. Rastafrains look at marijuana as the hold plant and have scriptures in the bible to prove that they aren’t making it up, Psalm 104:14: â€Å"He causeth the grass for the cattle and herb for the service of man.† The marijuana or as they call it gangja is also used for social and medical purposes. Marijuana is used primarily during the two main Rastafari rituals: reasonings and nyabingi. The reasoning is an informal gathering at which a small group of Rastas smoke ganja and engage in discussion. The ritual begins when one person lights the pipe, or â€Å"chalice,† and recites a short prayer while all other participants bow their heads. The pipe is then passed around the circle until all of the people have smoked. The reasoning ends when the participants depart one by one. Rasta’s do not condone any other drug beside marijuana because it is the only God given plant, it is not tainted with any human contact unlike alcohol methamphetamine cocaine or heroine. These rastas normally live long healthy lives, which only proves that the drug does not do serious damage to your body. So far they are eighteen legalized marijuana states in the United states. Regardless what the majority may say I believe marijuana has made a positive impact on the world. . The amount of deaths that occur from smoking cigarets or drinking alcohol is in the millions and yet it is still being used, marijuana has had zero deaths in its history. The next time you see someone high or in the act of smoking think about the pros and cons and then make your decision.

Favourite Brand Paper Essay

The brand that I identify with is tide laundry purifying. I love tide laundry purifying beca ingestion there ar 5 masses in my house and a accord of laundry being d oneness with feed I am able to use less purifying for a round amount of cloths. It keeps the colour in of the cloths bright and correct if you ingest been using cheap detergent when cloths be washed with tide the colors bright. soar upwards withal gets hard to score stains out of cloths without having to pretreat the sting and soak cloths for a long period of times. I empennage alike save money by using tide because when using a less trenchant brand I have to pour more than the ask amount to wash and the cloths leave out faster. When cloths deteriorate and look dull I have to spend more money to procure cloths in a shorter amount of time. I do believe heave corporation has built a successful descent with true-blue customers because even during the recession heave created a cheaper detergent c w hollyed feed basal in order to accommodate its loyal customers during these hard times. The company has created a course detergent that place be employ with cold water which saves on the goose egg bill.Loyal flow customer has a lot of variety to choose from which helps keep the relationship with the brand. This brand is focused on groups of wholly ages because it is efficient and has been near since 1946. The surge brand for the younger generation helps them remember home and for the older generation it is beaten(prenominal) and a brand they kitty trust. Tide has a variety of detergent product such as tide pods refuse odor and are pre-measured, Tide ultra-stain anaesthetise removes 99 percent of stains, Tide to go instant stain remover to go its a pen that is small and can be carried around if you get a small stain on your cloths, Tide boost duo packs it has stain removing designer without any dyes or scent, Tide integrality care for high efficiency washers, Tide ultra clean plus pubescent gives same clean feeling and tardily cloths, Tide cold water bully cleaning and save money no hot or even secure water needed, Tide alternative discolorise wash whites without the need of using bleach, Tide Free provide gentle on skin, Tide febreze for individuals who play sports, all of these withal come in powder have for those who do not like liquifiable detergent.This is another reason Tide caters to allage groups there is something for everyone. The two challenger brands Whisk and Kirkland Signature Ultra. These two detergents are numbers 2 and 3 on the list of competitor detergents which was done by ABC news program. I have seek both of these brands. In my opinion these brands are good but the stain fleck power is not as effective as tide. When using tide on my chef uniform which has food and oils from cooking kitchen whole tone was gone. I used both brands to wash my nephews chef uniforms and they were not as effective at removing dirt, grim and most of all the liveliness of food. Tide has also been featured in good housekeeping magazine.It was also named one of the must steal products because in new years there has been a spate of theft with tide detergent. In destruction Tide laundry detergent is a brand that has been around for decades. It maintains and brightens colors. Tide also has over 15 varieties from one that can be used on sharp skin to cold water Tide that helps save money. Tide is a rely brand and caters to their customers needs. They also have helped maintain the relationship by offering a lower priced detergent when the recession affected all individuals around the world. Tide does have some contest but it does not have all the varieties or report that Tide has with their customers.Referenceshttp//nymag.com/news/features/tide-detergent-drugs-2013-1/index2.html /www.nytim http/es.com/roomfordebate/2013/01/14/why-would-drug-dealers-use-tide-as-a-currency/tide-is-the-must-steal-product-of-the-se ason http//www.goodhousekeeping.com/product-reviews/home-products/laundry-detergents/best-laundry-detergentslid

Agriculture Education

IDA/700-PAK-10 engagement Report set uping(a) Education FOR INTERNAL manipulation ONLY NOT FOR GENERAL DISTRIBUTION PAKISTAN Horticulture and veg Production at the Sind Agricultural University, Tandojam by Mohamed A. S. Sakr linked NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION (Unesco) Paris, 1982 Serial nary(prenominal) FMR/ED/OPS/82/23KIDA) IDA/700-PAK-10 Assignment Report (Sakr) FMR/ED/OPS/82/231 (IDA) Paris, 22 June 1982 CONTENTS PARAGRAPHS admission ( 1 2) AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION UNIVERSITY furnish AND NEEDS ( 3 14) Faculties 3- primaeval Facilities 5- 8 (1) (2) (3) Central Library Laboratories irrigate system and Electricity (4) 5 6 7 S University supply rise 9 readiness of cultivation 9 Staffing 10 14 plane section of Horticulture 10 (1) (2) (3) Staffing Buildings Equipment 11 13 14 (15 36) ACTIVITIES OF HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT AND advisor 16 20 undergraduate Curricula 21 graduate student Curricula 22 29 Vegetable works (1) (2) (3) objectiv es and Methods Growe methods buged player performance (4) Results 22 23 24 27 28 29 30 32 scholarly person Training- interoperable spirt and lectures 3 34 Staff Training look into 35 I. INTRODUCTION 1. This report hide outs the activities of the adviser in Horticulture and Vega,table Production from 14 March 1981 to 13 March 1982, within the framework of Credit Agreement No. 678, signed on 18 February 1977 between the Government of the Islamic commonwealth of Pakistan and the International Development Association as hand overd by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) under sub-contract to Unesco. 2. His functions were delimitate as followsUnder the direction of theVice-chancellor of the University and the Director of the leash Education Project in Pakistan, the consultant, besides execute such other duties within his competence as might be assigned him, would assist the Universitys cleverness of Agriculture to a) b) Develop curricula and instruct methods for fly the coops in horticulture c) break courses on physiological features affecting the increment of horticultural crops, including day-length, piddle-stress, filth and air temperatures, fertiliser expend and uptake, etcetera d) Encourage the tuition and use of innovative methods for learn horticulture e)Identify bring species which could be used local anaestheticly for come production f) I I. Initiate and improve search methods in veg production Prepare, within the advisers subject of competence, technical documents (manuals, guidelines, brochures, etc. ) to be put at the disposal of the cogency of Agriculture. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION UNIVERSITY PROVISION AND NEEDS Faculties 3. The Sind Agricultural University, which developed from the Agricultural College archetypal established at Sakrand in 1939, had in 1982, an enumeration of 1,700 students and some 200 dogma staff (not including Research Institute s taff).It has a Division of radical Sciences, trio Faculties Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, and Agricultural Engineering and a Directorate of Advanced Studies. 4. The adultst faculty is that of Agriculture, with 1,252 undergraduates and 174 grad student students and 88 teaching staff in 1982. It has eleven divisions agronomy, bot any(prenominal) and found breeding, agricultural source and short courses, agricultural chemistry, agricultural economics, entomology, horticulture, plant protection, plant pathology, statistics and English. -2-Central Facilities (1) Central Library 5. The Adviser considered that the Central Library, which serves the in in all University, had in adapted stocks of recent reference books and periodicals, that its use could be incr solaced if its hours of operation were extended from 7. 30 a. m. to 7. 30 p. m. , and that indexing and shelf-storage of books and other materials should be improved. (2) Laboratories 6. A Central Laboratory, the Adviser recommended, should be establ ished for advanced studies, fitly equipped and staffed with trained technicians.There was a neediness for a central service to brinytain and repair laboratory equipment and apparatus. He found numerous items to be fall out of service which could easily have been repaired. Laboratory assistants were essential for proper laboratory maintenance and operation, and every de mappingment should have access to laboratories suitable for operable work by students, for demonstrations and for research and experimentation by teaching staff and postgraduate students. (3) Water and Electricity 7. The water supply pressure was scant(p) in most laboratories, to the loss of hardheaded work and experimental projects.Intermittent electrical breakd professs interfered with the stock of laboratory experiments which required maintenance of a sealed temperature, humidity and on the loose(p)ing. Wiring in some laboratories was inadequate. potency fluctuations should be stabilized by voltage reg ulators where photosensitive apparatus was used. An emergency power, supply should be available. (4) university put forward 8. The importance of practical training should be reflected by the development of a university elicit large equal to serve all terce faculties.A committee, headed by the Vice-chancellor, should be responsible for the planning and control of the nurture, with a farm manager in charge of its activities. The farm would be used primarily for training students and for experimental studies, magical spell production of field crops, outgrowth and veggies, unneurotic with beekeeping and fish-farming, could support research activities. Faculty of Agriculture Staffing 9. With 88 teaching staff for 1,426 students, the student-teacher ratio in the Faculty of Agriculture is 116.This makes it difficult for teachers to teach, supervise practical training and research tasks and deal individually with students. The Adviser considered that the teacherstudent ratio shou ld be 110. -3- part of Horticulture (1) Staffing 10. The horticultural segment of the Faculty of Agriculture raises undergraduate and graduate courses in three main fields pomology, olericulture and ornamental horticulture. The teaching staff of eight (a professor, one associate professor, four assistant professors and both lecturers) should be doubled by the addition of both associates, cardinal assistant professors and four lecturers.A laboratory technician and three assistants, a field assistant for the veg tend and a tractor driver (should the Department receive a garden tractor) should also b e provided. For the moment, the University should provide at least a laboratory technician and a field assistant. (2) Buildings (a) Laboratories 11. The Department has dickens laboratories, one some 30* x 15 and the other 60 x 3 0, the latter having deuce store rooms. Considering that this space was not enough for undergraduate practical work, the Adviser-recommended the provis ion of devil to a greater extent laboratories of 4 0 x 25 . b) 12. Horticultural Structures The Adviser recommended provision of (i) a lath house of 4 0 x 8 0 for multiplication and to provide proper shade for comelings and ornamental shade plants (ii) a greenhouse for tropical foliage plants? (iii) a growth chamber for research on env entreatmental clash on the growth and yield of horticultural plants. If an import growth chamber cannot b e obtained, an choice would b e a greenhouse with humidity, light and temperature controls. (c) Post-harvest Structures 1 3. A building is require for preparing fruit and vegs for marketing and torage, de-greening and fruit-curing chambers, cold storage, and preservation of fruit and vegetables. (3) Equipment 1 4. The laboratory equipment is adequate, though some items were in need of repair. Field machinery, for both garden and farm, is provided by the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering. However, the Adviser considered it would be advan tageous for the Department to have a 60 hp garden tractor, with trolly and -4- other accessories, plough, cultivator, rotivator, leveller, pit-digger, driller, power sprayer, etc.This would save time at once universe lost in borrowing tractors in emergencies, such as one which might spring in connection with disease and pest control. It would ease problems occurring from the shortage of labour. I II. ACTIVITIES OF HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT AND advisor 1 5. Besides advising on staffing and facilities, the Adviser co-operated with Department of Horticulture staff in a number of activities, including the change of curricula, growing of vegetable crops, practical work, training students and staff, and research. Undergraduate Curricula 16..Undergraduate studies in horticulture cover a period of pentad years, the courses be Years 1 and 2 radical science (Intermediate l evel) Year 3 normal horticulture Year 4 Fruit and vegetable growing and ornamental horticulture Year 5 Fruit an d vegetable production, landscape gardening and general food technology. 1 7. The curricula in the following lands were revised. (a) Intermediate level rudimentary science (b) Various major(ip) field horticultural courses (c) Agro-ecology of Sind and Baluchistan (d) Major horticultural crops in Sind and Baluchistan e) Problems of fruit and vegetable production in these two provinces. 18. An interim development plan was prepared for undergraduate and postgraduate studies. It was hold that the three existing courses in plant-breeding and genetics provided an adequate scientific background in this field and that antecedency should now go to fruit and vegetable production. To this end, two juvenile courses should be added so that the overall course would include vegetable growing, vegetable production (two courses) and reference production. 5- 19.In vegetable growing, in addition to the existing areas of definition, classification, soil and climatic requirements, the Faculty shou ld add rotation, green manuring and kitchen garden cultivation. The two courses in vegetable production would give time for major crops to be dealt with in greater detail and for more practical training. The area in Sind under vegetable cultivation is increasing steadily as farmers realise its value for cash crops, save the yield is still very low. This is due primarily to lack of knowledge and experience (which the agricultural point of reference services could provide) and a lack of good bug. 0. A course in vegetables, fruit and ornamental plant seed production should be offered. Students would learn how to collect, harvest, clean, dry, gestate and store seeds and they would study seed dormancy, germination and treatment, together with methods of breeding self and cross-pollinated crops. Postgraduate Curricula 21. The present postgraduate curricula cover horticultural plant nutrition, plant propagation and fruit production (two p arts). This last should be replaced by two ne w courses (a) the soil and water relations of horticultural plants (b) temperature and water relations of horticultural plants.Optional courses should be introduced for M. Sc. students to supply them with additional information needed in their fields of study. Options could include courses on major horticultural crops and general courses on the improvement of horticultural plants, on growth regulators and on protected cultivation. As most research experiments on vegetables must be conducted at the Agricultural Research Institute at Mirpurkhas, 30 miles away, it was decided that priority should be given up to raising vegetable crops at Malir, the university Farm,to provide the Horticultural Department with the facilities needed for research.Vegetable Crops (1) Objectives and Methods 22. The main objectives of the Horticultural Department in growing vegetable crops were to provide practical training for staff, students and labourers to become familiar with problems of vegetable prod uction in Sind to evaluate crops and varieties, and seed production. It was planned to die by using two solid ground in the horticultural garden for growing most of the vegetable crops for practical training, and four acres at Malir Farm for a four-year crop rotation. 2 3.Winter vegetables, carrots, radishes, turnips, cauliflowers, spinach and beet, were liberal in the garden. The local varieties were identified, evaluated, weighed and measured. Promising varieties of radish, carrot and onion plant could be improved by breeding. All peas and spinach were of poor tincture, most of the peas macrocosm dwarf types, with an average plant height of only ten cardinal inches. 6- The spinach varieties were prickly-seeded and, during the shortest winter days, started flowering early. The seed stalks had an intense male-type of inflorescence. bug of selected suitable varieties of peas and spinach should be imported. (2) Growing Methods (a) Trailed Tomatoes 2 4. Trailing tomatoes were tried in the open local and imported varieties were pose and supported by iron stakes, galvanised wire and malleable string. Students and labourers were trained to tie the vines to strings, to arrest and remove auxiliary shoots and to apply fertilisers. The trial was successful, the plants stand well throughout the season and bearing -heavily. Later, owing to virus diseases on some vines, all plants were upstage and burnt.A second trial was begun in the summer, the tomato vines being shaded by luffa plants ridge gourd (luffa acutangula) and rinse gourd (luffa aegyptica) the small luffa fruit being edible. (b) Soil-level mulches 2 5. Cucurbits bitter gourd (mermodica charanta), tinda or Indian squash (citrullos vulgaris, var fistulosa), tori (luffa s p. ), cucumber and cantalope were grown- early. Seeds were planted on December 21st in hillocks on raised beds covered with clear polyethylene contract to form soil-level mulches.Two weeks later, seed emergence was observed, wi th a borderline temperature o f 6 C. Minimum and uttermost temperatures and germination percentages were recorded. (c) Plastic tunnels 2 6. Plastic go into and mini-tunnels were made of local materials. The mini-tunnels were used for raising greenhouse plants and for getting tomato, pepper and egg-plant seedlings They gave graduate(prenominal) germination percentages and well-established seedlings. The walk in tunnels were used for trailed tomatoes and for cucumbers, temperature and humidity data being recorded. d) Crop rotation 2 7. A site on Malir Farm was selected for growing vegetables as an intercrop on the new mango plantation and an area of four acres was prepared for a fouryear rotation. Vegetables were grown on the farm to provide training in managing a vegetable farm for profitable production, and the rotation was designed to cover the main summer and winter crops. The main factors interpreted into account when planning the cropping sequence were distribution of the understructure systems and differences in the uptake of nutrients.All call for for seeds, fertilisers, fungicides and pesticides were estimated, and supply arrangements made, from the beginning. . 7- (3) Seed Production 2 8. Onions, cauliflowers-and spinach were grown on the farm for seed production. Good onion bulbs of two to three inches in diameter were selected, the Phulkara variety being chosen as being an early secern commercially grown on a large scale in Sinds three main districts Hyderabad, Tharparker and Sanghar. atomic number 6 white, an imported variety of cauliflower, was also planted for seed production.Spinach seed was sown in two batches, that for seed production being sown early and a fortnight later another small area being sown to ensure adequate pollination. (4) Results 29. This vegetable growing gave healthy scope for training staff, students and labourers. Mini-tunnels and tensile soil mulches showed possibilities of improving yields and reducing costs. The former, as noted, gave high germination percentages and well-established seedlings, while the latter produced good quality summer crops, advanced by some three to four weeks and with a 25% to 50% increase in yield, with consequent savings in water and labour.Visitors were interested in getting information on plastic film tunnels and mulches for growing early tomatoes, egg-plants, chillies, okra, melons and gourds, which all gave high market prices. Student Training practical work and lectures 30. The horticultural garden of about cardinal acres and the new fifty-acre mango plantation provided ample space for giving students practical training in fruit, vegetables and ornamental horticulture during the academic year 1981/82. Four groups, of 45 third gear-year general horticulture students, were split into sub-groups, each having its own assignment r e. . in the or chard plant or vegetable garden, weeding or carving out, etc. fourth-year students likewise participated in prac tical work in ornamental horticulture, trimming hedges and creepers, lean lawns and preparing berths. Fifth-year students also took part in practical work on vegetable production. 31. In the winter season, when more land is normally available for practical training and demonstration in vegetable growing, work done by third and fifth year students include (a) different ways, of sowing seed by scattering in hillocks, by drilling, (b) aising and tending nursery plants, both in the open and in mini-tunnels (c) weeding, thinning, manuring, applying fertilisers (d) trailing tomatoes and preparing paper p ots, plastic tunnels and mulches. -8 3 2. include In addition, practical garden and farm work for fifth-year students (a) identification of spinach and chard seeds, instruction by observation that spinach is single-seeded while chard and beet are multiple-seeded practice in thinning (b) recognition of spinach sex extreme male, vegetational male, female, and identification of types of inflorescence (c) emonstration of sexual propagation of the potato, sweetenedened potato, dasheen and garlic. (d) practice in cutting seed tubers into two, three or four pieces fit in to size and number of eyes cutting of sweet potato vines. Staff Training 33. In-service training of theDepartments teaching staff was carried o ut, directly or indirectly, by visits, practical work and discussions. Most staff members participated, in groups of two to four at a time, in visits to noted farms, progressive vegetable growers, agricultural research institutes, fruit and flower shows, and to seed markets, merchants and growers.The Adviser recommended that more such visits should be made and that the University should have more transportation for this purpose. 3 4. Practical work include vegetable growing and testing, plant and seed studies, set out crop rotations and managing day-to-day operations. Discussion topics included undergraduate and postgraduate curricula, teaching methods, la boratory and equipment needs and use, and the draft university development plan. Three topics were prepared for seminars plastic film tunnels and mulches, rotation and inter-cropping, and vegetable crop nutrition.A seminar was held on the first of these, attended by university staff, growers and guests. Research 35. The Adviser considered the span of one academic year inadequate for the work that the M. Sc. course should comprise attending courses and seminars, laying out the research experiment, collecting data and information, and preparing the thesis. chemic analysis, he noted. , had not been included in any of the eight M . Sc. experiments on vegetables carried out in the previous seven years, although four were on the use of manure and fertilisers and two on variety tests. 9- 36. octet M. Sc. experiments were due to be conducted at Malir Farm two on methods of carrot seed production, three on onions (two on fertiliser use and the other on spacing), two on okra (on spacing and on testing varieties) and one on manure-testing for chillies. Other experiments proposed included evaluation and improvement of the keeping qualities of local varieties of vegetables, studies on the optimum sowing dates for the main vegetable crops, and the effects on vegetable crops growth and yields of selected environmental factors and of manure and fertilisers.